The Poverty Of The United States - 1746 Words

What is poverty? A question most Americans will not have to think twice before answering. Poverty is, of course, simply a lack of money. The views of a specific person will defer when politics or morals are introduced, however, the idea stays the same. Those in poverty are there because they have less money than what has been decided to be livable. Poverty has changed significantly over the last two hundred years in the United States, and yet, the measurement has hardly changed since it was created fifty years ago. As the United States of America has because a better-established country and therefore a more prosperous country, the type of people that are considered poor has changed quite a bit. Before industrialization and immigration†¦show more content†¦The poverty line was created in the mid-1960s when a team in New York City’s Department of Health was assigned to find out exactly how many children were impoverished at that time. One of the members, Mollie Orshansk y found that there was not yet, a set way of measuring poverty, so she set out to create her own. Armed with the 1955 Department of Agriculture, which stated that families of three or more, commonly spent close to a third of their income on food. Orshansky multiplied a family’s food budget by three, and that became the poverty line, which at that time allotted $143.47 per week in today’s dollars for a family of four. This system may have worked in the 1960s, but America has changed significantly since then, the poverty must change as America does or poverty will never be measured correctly. For instance, instead of the third spent on food in the past now, the amount is closer to one fourteenth of a family’s income. Times have changed with cell phones, transportation, saving for college and childcare, what was important in the 1960s is very different to the present day. Which should drastically change how the poverty line in calculated and yet, year after year other than a slight movement for inflation the poverty line does not change (Light). However, this brings up an interesting question. What is a basic human need and what is a luxury? This idea

Teaching Preschool Children Reading Free Essays

Phonological awareness is an important aspect in the fundamentals of reading. It is the first step in literacy. Children can learn phonological awareness in a variety of ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Preschool Children Reading or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rhyming, sentence and word recognition, sound knowledge, phonemes, letter identification, spelling, and games which require active listening are a few of the techniques used by teachers in the classroom. All of these methods help in a child’s reading and speech fluency.All children need to learn how to read and write in order to survive in today’s society. There have been many different methods used in order to teach phonemic awareness to preschool children. Phonemic awareness is the capability of an individual to differentiate, identify and manipulate specific sounds. An example would be a child combining and blending the sounds in the word cat. Many people believe that phonics and phonemic awareness are the same thing. However, phonic awareness is recognizing that words come from sounds with in turn make up a language. Phonics is knowing that sounds are composed of letters which compose a writing style. In order to teach a child phonic awareness and to read, a teacher must comprehend the procedure that the brain formulates in order to understand the printed data. The brain undergoes three functions which facilitate understanding. First, there is information retention which has to deal with spurs of the environment. Second, language articulation is where a child uses prior knowledge in order to associate its meaning; and the third process is modeling and making connections with former information . Reading comprehension occurs in the frontal lobe of the brain. When this process takes place, it leads to an understanding and knowledge of what a person has seen and read. Phonological processing is a person’s ability to listen and  comprehend dialect as well as printed terms. Hence, it is to say that the child recognizes the sound each letter makes. Mechanically our brain unconsciously processes verbal communication. Instantly a child gathers phonemes in order to pronounce the word and decomposes it to grasp the oral language. In contrast to speech, reading involves a child’s knowledge in the process of associating written words with the alphabet and in turn producing spoken words. Therefore, a child has to be of conscious mind in order to learn reading. A teacher must instruct a child in the phonological sequences of letters in order for the child to acquire phonological processing. There are many different techniques a teacher can utilize in order to build phonological awareness. One technique would be merging words and sounds collectively in order to construct new words. The words composed can be silly or factual. This technique facilitates the child’s use of phonemes, which was a study conducted by McCandlies, Cohen, and Dehaene in 2003 . Having a child combine letters and then separating them is another form of building phonological awareness. It will also help them in recognizing the letters of the alphabet. Examples of the activities mentioned above are having a child say the first sound in the word â€Å"rat† and then saying each letter sound individually. Blending would consist of telling a child say ‘at’ and then stating to them to put an ‘r’ in front and say the new word. These activities can been done with a variety of materials such as chalk, boards and markers. Remember preschool children are very visual. The more movement they utilize, the better they retain the information. Image is a phonic awareness 3 letter word game. Many people do not see imaginative play as a means of learning. However, it is during play that children are at their most influential developmental stage according to Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist. Since the children are imaging different situations, they are associating everyday activities and assigning meaning to them. During this time, individuals and items can transform themselves into different things. For example, a child can become a cat, or a baby and a piece of construction paper can be converted into a notepad for taking orders in a restaurant. Through the children’s interactions and language, they gather and exchange knowledge, experiences,  and vocabulary which enhance their verbal communication through mutual exchange (Genishi and Dyson, 2009). Collaborative songs and games can also be a means to teach phonological awareness. Nursery rhymes can be utilized as a tool for phonological awareness. Rhyming activities such as asking a child which words rhyme or which ones do not rhyme will enhance their awareness. A teacher may also say a word and ask a child which word rhymes with it (Phillips, Clancy-Menchetti, Lonigan, 2008). Some examples would be: this old man, head shoulder knees and toes, one two buckle my shoe and Humpty Dumpty. Games that constitute phonological awareness do not have to come from a book. They can be invented from one’s everyday activities. Examples of these activities would be a trip to the grocery store or beauty salon. Children can be asked which items in the store begin with the same letter sound or which nail polishes have the same letters in them. If a child does not respond or say the correct answer, be sure to mirror the correct response and not state that they were wrong. The teacher should support the child through the learning process. The following illustration explains the steps of phonological awareness. Activities which implement pattern recognition are also efficient at phonological awareness. This is an excellent tool to utilize in the classroom due to the fact that children learn how to read by identifying patterns. When a child associates words from letter patterns and connects the sounds, this is called patterning. A teacher should replicate, rehearses, and observe the children when teaching pattern recognition in order to determine the child’s advancements in this area. Assessments should cover word subdivision, sound combinations, and sorting new data into patterns. Repetition is the key in the learning process. Preschool children have a short attention span; therefore, keep activities fun and exciting in order to facilitate the best learning environment. Not all children have the same literacy background and predisposition; they come from a variety of environments and cultural upbringings. Consequently, teachers must adapt to each individual child’s style of learning and pace. There will always be  variations in the learning process. Technology is a part of our everyday lives. Children have computers, iPhones, iPod’s, and tablets. Since technology surrounds children twenty -four hours of the day, seven days a week, parents need to take advantage of the situation and use the time wisely. There are many games online which can help children build their phonological awareness. Websites which parents can utilize are: starfall.com, PBSkids.com, ABCmouse.com, learninggamesforkids.com, sheppardsoftware.com, and ezschools.com. All these websites provide educational games for preschool children. They have a variety of subjects such as math, reading, and science. Also they cover the fundamentals of the alphabet, phonics, sounds, and blending. These games are especially interesting for those children who are visual and auditory learners. Percentage of children who are going online daily for educational purposes As stated above, there are many different techniques that a teacher can employ in order to educate a child. Other methods such as repeated reading, modeling fluency, and leap frog are also useful tools in phonological awareness. Children imitate and mimic adult behavior. Therefore, it is vital that a teacher speaks to a child in the appropriate grammatical matter. They will store the information and use it later in other situations that arise. Although a preschool child does not know how to read, they do make associations with words. Hence, reading every day for thirty minutes will build a child’s vocabulary. Books which have tape recordings and CDs are also good sources for vocabulary buildings, rhyme, and word segmentation. In these days, parents are not concerned about their children’s education. They spend fifty or more dollars on video games instead of providing educational support. It is ignorant for them to believe that programs like VPK and Head Start are providing a child to play and interact socially. Although social interaction is vital to a preschool child, education stimulation is also crucial. Teachers go through countless training sessions in order to provide their students with high standards. There are a variety of sources that parents and teachers can use. Computer games, internet sites, books, rhymes, music and movement, and activities created by the teacher or parent are all ways to provide phonological awareness. Parents and teachers alike have to remember that every child is  different and each child has his or her way of thinking and processing information. Thus, educators and parents have to learn their child’s learning style whether it is audio, visual, or kinesthetic in order to provide a grade a learning environment. Reading, writing, and spelling are the principles of fluency. If children are provided with the proper tools now, they will be better equipped for the future. Remember, the children of today will be the leaders of tomorrow! How to cite Teaching Preschool Children Reading, Papers

AASB 117 and IFSR 16-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about AASB 117 and IFSR 16 Lease. Answer: Business Report This business report, comprehends a brief detail about the AASB 117 which is an accounting standard made by the Australian accounting standard board. In addition to this, a comparison between AASB 117 and the IFSR 16 in context to the accounting based treatment for leases is also discussed, in order to clarify the both accounting standards(Henderson, Peirson, Herbohn, 2015). This report also embraces the impact of the changes because of the new accounting standard i.e. IFSR 16 on financial reporting. The business report is prepared by considering the, Genworth Mortgage Insurance Australia Limited, which is engaged in the business of loan mortgage insurance. Some recommendations are also being provided to the management of Genworth Ltd. regarding the practice of the new accounting standard for accounting treatment of leases: so that, the business processes shall be continued without any legal interruption that could be occurred due to the negligence of practicing accounting standard while preparing financial statement of company. AASB 117 Leases The Australian Accounting Standard Board made an accounting standard on 15th July, 2004; i.e. AASB 117, in regards to the accounting treatment of leases. This accounting standard comes under Corporation Act 2001`s section 334(Clarke, 2012). The main objective of the AASB 117 is to set some guidelines for the lessor as well as lessee in context to the applicable policies of accounting and disclosure which shall be applied in context to the leases. A lease can be defined by considering the AASB 117, as an agreement which encloses the right to use an asset conveyed by a lessor, to a lessee for a fixed or specific time period in return for a compensation or series of payment(Freeman Freeman, 2015). Lessor is the one, who owns or possess the asset. Asset`s legal title is retain by the lessor. Payment is used to be received by the lessor for conveying the right to use the asset to the lessee. On the other hand, lessee gets authorized to use the asset with a right, however, payment shall be made to the lessor by the lessee for such authorization. The AASB 117, standard is applied to all the leases apart from- licensing agreements for items, such as, copy rights and patents, video recordings, motion pictures and play manuscripts; and the leases to use or explore for natural gas, oil, minerals and similar regenerating resources(Mills Woodford, 2015). In addition to this, the standard cannot be applied as a basis of measurement for- Investment property as well as biological assets provided by lessor subsequently, under operating leases. Asset apprehended by lessees which is accounted for as an investment property. The transactions in context to the leases are used to be recorded in following way: The finance and operating lease is recorded in the books of accounts of Lessee as- Type of lease Transaction Debit (Dr.) Credit (Cr.) Finance Lease Lease asset Lease Liability Operating Lease Lease Expense Cash Recoding of finance and operating in the books of accounts of Lessor Type of lease Transaction Debit (Dr.) Credit (Cr.) Finance Lease Lease receivable (Asset) PPE (Asset) Operating Lease Cash Revenue Finance Lease and Operating Lease A lease can be categorized as finance lease, as when the agreement of lease, transfers substantially all the rewards as well as risks incidental to ownership. In contrast to this, a lease can be categorized as operating lease, as when the lease agreement do not transfers substantially all the rewards and the risks incidental to ownership. Company`s income statement: (Source- https://member.afraccess.com/media?id=CMN://2A845303filename=20150227/GMA_01603637.pdf) The above leases are included as operating leases. There is variation in terms, renewal rights and escalation clauses of leases. The payment of lease are identified as an expenditure in statement of profit and loss on basis of straight line on the duration of such leases. AASB 117 and IFSR 16 Comparison between AASB 117 and IFSR 16 in lessee`s perspective: On basis of IFSR 16 AASB 117 Balance sheet The capitalise present value of payments for lease are regarded as an asset Finance lease are represented on the balance sheet. Whereas operating leases are regarded as off-balance sheet(Marsden, 2010). Classification No classification of leases; Unitary model of accounting(Poppleston, 2017) Leases are categorised as operating leases and finance leases Income statement The operating lease expense are replaced by lease expense and depreciation charge Recognition of operating lease expense through a straight lie basis Impact of IFSR 16 on company`s financial reporting IFSR 16 is a new accounting standard which is enforced to disregard the off-balance sheet financing. The application of the new accounting standard i.e. IFSR 16 will put an impact on Genworth`s financial statement(Rahman, 2016). According to this standard, the lease liability will be categorized as a financial liability; as a result, it will impact on the financial indebtedness, convents and ratios in the balance sheet. Changes on the company`s balance sheet will be in such a manner- Asset- Assets of lessee will be increased by the amount of operating issues. Beside this, an exemption will also be there; underlying assets of low value or lease term of one year or less and. Liabilities- The liability of the lessee will also be increased by the amount of their binding obligations mentioned within the agreement of lease as in case it is a financial liability. Profit and Loss- As a replacement for of the expenses on lease, 2 items of expenses will be recognized by the lessees in the profit and loss statement; the expense on interest under lease liabilities and depreciation of the right of use asset. Recommendations Company is being recommended to changeover its old mechanism for accounting treatment of leases as per the guidelines of the new accounting standard IFSR 16 Leases standard. As when this accounting standard will be practiced then the Genworth Ltd. will have to make certain changes, for instance, the company shall replace its accounting model in a single accounting model by disregarding the dual accounting model(Greite, 2013). This means, company shall lays emphasis on unitary model of accounting and do not made distinction in operating lease and finance lease. Recommendations for the company are as follows: The management of the Genworth ltd. shall evaluate the inventory of leases to assess the totality. If the information is not recorded by the management about the leases, then it is mandatory for company to capture all the requisite information and maintain a comprehensive list of lease documentation. Analysis of lease contracts shall be considered by the company to define their accounting and classification under IFSR 16. Legal opinions could be considered by management for such analysis(Shaw Wild , 2015). It is also recommended to the company to model the provisions of standards on company`s earning profile and balance sheet. In addition to this, the impact of such model shall be analysed on financial pacts. It must be considered by the management to plan for communicating the impact of practicing IFSR 16 on business processes and the related information to the banks, analysts and investors. The IT system of the company shall also capture the comprehensive details of the lease. It is recommended to the management to consider the renewal options of leases besides the pricing and terms of conditions(Poppleston, 2017). The impact of IFSR 16 will not only be on finance but also on other business processes as well. Hence it is recommended for the company to involve its legal, procurement and IT to carry out the practice of new standard for leases and the training plans as well as communication of the impact shall be considered in effective manner Press release Description of leased Assets Company`s balance sheet The adoption of IFSR 16 has resulted as increase in liabilities and material assets Company`s lease expense profile is given below: The above image, depicts the lease expense profile in context to the application of IFSR 16 and AASB 117 over leases. Amortization of assets is being done on the basis of straight line method. The expenses on leases ascertained in profit or loss over the term of lease under AASB 117 and IFSR 16 is the same. Though the pattern of ascertain the expenses related with lease is different as illustrated above. Company`s changeover to the new accounting treatment which is requisite as per IFSR 16 Leases The company will carry out the accounting treatment of leases as per the guidelines of the new accounting standard i.e. IFSR 16 Leases. An effective project governance will be considered in preparing for the changeover to the new accounting standard. For that reason, representatives or head of the following department of the company will be involved in palling and discussion- Operations Tax Information technology Procurement Investor relations Finance/Accounting Property/ Real estate; and Treasury It is important to involve all these department`s representatives in the planning and establishment of the new standard of accounting, as this standard will not only put its impact on the finance department but also on other business operations. The practicing of unitary model of accounting will be laid emphasis by and operating lease as well as finance lease will also not be regarded as two different leases(Dagwell, Lambert, Wines, 2012). All the requisite information about the leases will be documented by the company so that this information could be used further while accounting treatment of the leases. In addition to this, the lease contract`s detail will also be documented and so that their classification and accounting could be done as per the IFSR 16. Legal opinion would also be taken regarding the practicing of the new standard(Rahman, 2016). The impact of the practicing of the new standard i.e. IFSR 16 will be communicated to the company`s stakeholder (investors, analysts, bank etc.) so that they could be known of the facts and the related required information will also be disclosed to them. References Clarke, E. (2012). Accounting: An Introduction to Principles + Practice. Cengage Learning. Dagwell, R., Lambert, C., Wines, G. (2012). Corporate Accounting in Australia. Pearson. Freeman, S., Freeman, J. (2015). Financial Accounting: A Practical Approach. Pearson Higher Education AU. Greite, S. (2013). The Development of the Australian Accounting Standards After the End of the G4+1. Grin Verlag. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. (2015). Issues in Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Kimmel, P. D., Weygandt , J. J. (2013). Accounting Principles. Marsden, S. (2010). Australian Master Bookkeepers Guide [2009/10]. CCH Australia Limited. Mills, A., Woodford, W. (2015). Company Accounting. Cengage Learning. Poppleston, R. (2017, 1 30). IFRS 16, Leases. Retrieved from www.ownet.co.uk: https://ownet.co.uk/ifrs-16-leases-implementation/ Rahman, A. R. (2016). The Australian Accounting Standards Review Board. Routledge. Shaw, K., Wild , J. (2015). Fundamental Accounting Principles. Wiley. Warren, C. S., Reeve, J. M. (2017). Accounting. South-Western College Pub.